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Listeriosis is a food borne infection during
pregnancy caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium called “Listeria monocytogenes”, which primarily
causes abortion, septicemia or meningitis. Contaminated meats, dairy products
and sea foods are implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis. According to CDC
data, pregnant women are 20 times more susceptible than other healthy adults to
get listeriosis. Incidence of listeriosis in pregnancy is 12 per 100,000 in the
general population all over the world. A major reason for this is unaware of
hygienic food practices among mothers during pregnancy. If the mother is aware
of her food selection, preparation and handling during pregnancy, listeriosis
can be prevented. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of
structured teaching programme regarding listeriosis in pregnancy among
antenatal mothers in Sagar Hospital, Bangalore. The objective of the study were
to assess the pre-test
knowledge score of antenatal mothers regarding listeriosis in pregnancy,
determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on listeriosis in
pregnancy among antenatal mothers by comparing the pre-test and post-test
knowledge scores and to determine the association
between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of antenatal mothers with
selected demographic variables. An
evaluative approach was adopted and a pre experimental design was used for the
study. Antenatal mothers at Sagar Hospital,
Bangalore were the samples and the sample size was 50. The mothers were
selected by convenience sampling technique. The structured teaching programme
was administered at the end of the pre-test and the post-test was carried out
seven days later using the same tool as that of the pre-test. The data was
analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings of the study
revealed that the post-test mean score was 23.80
with the standard deviation of 4.708 and the respondents knowledge were
significantly higher than, the mean pre-test knowledge scores 17.58 with a
standard deviation of 4.899 and computed paired ‘t’ value 7.07 is higher than
table value 1.69 at P<0.05 level. Hence the structured teaching programme on
listeriosis in pregnancy was effective and statistically significant. The study reveals that there is no significant
association between selected demographic variables like age, religion, type of
family, education, occupation, monthly family income and previous knowledge regarding
listeriosis in pregnancy in relation with pre-test knowledge scores of
antenatal mothers at P>0.05 level. The present study also reveals that there
is no association between selected demographic variables like age, religion,
type of family, education, occupation, monthly family income, previous
knowledge regarding listeriosis in pregnancy in relation with post-test
knowledge scores of antenatal mothers at P>0.05 level. The study concluded that the structured teaching
programme was effective in terms of gain in knowledge of antenatal mothers
regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
Keywords: Effectiveness, Knowledge, Listeriosis,
Antenatal mothers
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is the happiest moment in the life of
a woman. Pregnancy brings in joy with the ever-increasing waistline, pains and
aches. Pregnancy is a unique, exciting and often joyous time in a women’s life.
Pregnant women need to be a responsible to provide better health for her future
child. It is vital, that she prepares her body to become a suitable environment
for the baby to grow in by staying happy and healthy emotionally and mentally
as the growing fetus depends entirely on its mother’s healthy body for all
needs. Consequently, pregnant women must take steps to remain healthy and
well-nourished [1-3]. Health and nutrition is important during pregnancy, not
only for the developing baby, but for her own well-being. Focusing on healthy
diet,
exercise, regular checkup, rest and weight
gain, along with maintaining overall health, can reduce most of the
complications during pregnancy [4]. Good nutrition is an essential part of
daily life. It becomes even more essential during pregnancy because a mother’s
and her baby’s health greatly depend on good nutrition. Pregnant women need
more nutrients than other women. Pregnant women become hungrier, especially
during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, as a result they eat more food.
The mother’s diet is directly related to the health of growing baby because all
the nutrients that are needed for the baby’s growth comes from food. Throughout
the childbearing period mothers should be very aware of everything what they
ingest. Adapting healthy eating habits at this time is important for mother and
her baby [5]. Caution must be taken while consuming certain foods in order to
avoid food poisoning. Food poisoning during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage,
premature birth or severe illnesses to the baby. Raw or undercooked foods
contain bacteria that are harmful. There are a number of infections that a
woman may contact during her pregnancy, which can cause significant harm to
mother as well as baby [6]. The health of pregnant women and babies can be
affected by infection and one of such emerging infection is listeriosis, this
is a bacterial infection caused by a gram-positive, motile bacterium, Listeriosis monocytogenes. Listeriosis
is a serious problem, primarily occurring in pregnant women, new born infants
and elderly patients whose immunity is weak [7-9].
OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
1.
To assess the pre-test
knowledge score of antenatal mothers regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
2.
To determine the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme on listeriosis in pregnancy by
comparing the pre-test and post-test knowledge scores.
3.
To determine the association
between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of antenatal mothers with
selected demographic variables.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A pre experimental design (one
group pre-test and post-test) is adopted. The investigator selected Sagar
Hospital, Bangalore as the settings for the present study. The samples for this
research study are 50 antenatal mothers in Sagar Hospital, Bangalore. In this
study, convenience sampling technique is used for selecting the sample.
RESULTS
Table 1 indicates the distribution of
respondents by age where, majority of the antenatal mothers 25 (50%) belongs to
the age group of 26-30 years, 20 (40%) belongs to the age group of 21-25 years
and minimum 5 (10%) belongs to the age group 31-35 years, majority of the
antenatal mothers 24 (48%) were Hindu, 17 (34%) were
Christian and 9 (18%) were Muslim, majority 27 (54%) of antenatal
mothers were from joint families and remaining 23 (46%) were from nuclear
families, 7 (14%) have completed their PUC, 43 (86%) have completed their
Degree and above, majority 42 (84%) were employed and 8 (16%) were house wife,
majority of the respondents 36 (76%) possess an income of Rs. 20,000-30,000 per
month and 12 (24%) is noticed with an income of Rs. 10,000-20,000 per month, 50
(100%) respondents have no knowledge about listeriosis in pregnancy.
Table 2 represents the frequency and
percentage distribution of respondents on pre-test knowledge level, in which, 2
(4%) of the respondents have inadequate knowledge, 43 (86%) of the respondents
have moderate knowledge level and 5 (10%) of the respondents have adequate
knowledge level regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
Table 3 represents the distribution of
respondents on post-test knowledge level where, majority 30 (60%) have adequate
knowledge, 20 (40%) have moderate knowledge and none of them have inadequate
knowledge on listeriosis in pregnancy after the structured teaching programme.
Table 4 represents the pre-test and
post-test mean, standard deviation, mean percentage and percentage of
enhancement with regard to the pre-test. The mean is 17.58 with standard
deviation 4.899 and the mean percentage is 53.27. With regard to the post-test,
the mean is 23.80 with standard deviation 4.708 and the mean percentage is
72.12.
Table 5 shows the comparison between pre-test
and post-test knowledge scores. With respect to the pre-test the mean is 17.58
with standard deviation 4.899 and the mean percentage is 53.27. With respect to
the post-test, the mean is 23.80 with standard deviation 4.708 and the mean
percentage is 72.12. The t value is 7.07 at 5% level of significance which is
greater than the table value of 1.69 indicates the effectiveness of the
structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
Hence the hypothesis H1 - There will be significant differences
between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores regarding listeriosis in
pregnancy is accepted.
Table 6 shows the association of level of
pre-test knowledge with selected demographic variables. It is evident from the
above table that there is no significant association with the variable like
age, religion, type of family, education, occupation monthly family income,
previous knowledge regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
Table 7 shows the association of level of
post-test knowledge with selected demographic variables. It is evident from the
above table that there is no significant association with the variable like
age, religion, type of family, education, occupation, monthly family income and
previous knowledge regarding listeriosis in pregnancy.
DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSION
The present study found that, the pre-test
knowledge level among 50 respondents, 2 (4%)
had inadequate knowledge scores, 43 (86%) had moderate knowledge and 5 (10%) had adequate knowledge.
In the pre-test the mean value was 17.58 with a standard deviation of 4.899.The present study found that, the post-test
knowledge scores among 50 respondents revealed that
30 (60%) had adequate knowledge scores, 20 (40%) had moderate knowledge
and no subjects had inadequate knowledge. In
post-test the mean value was 23.80 with a standard deviation of 4.708. In the
present study, the post-test mean score was 23.80 with the standard deviation of 4.708 and the
respondents post-test knowledge score were significantly higher than, the mean
pre-test knowledge scores 17.58 with a standard deviation of 4.899 and computed paired ‘t’ value 7.07 is higher
than table value 1.69, which shows the structured teaching programme was effective
at P<0.05 level. The study result revealed that the structured teaching
programme was effective in terms of gain in knowledge of Antenatal mothers
regarding listeriosis in pregnancy. Chi-square was computed to find the
association between selected demographic variables with pre-test knowledge
scores of antenatal mothers on listeriosis in pregnancy, which shows there is
no association between selected demographic variables like the age with computed
χ2=0.000 at 1 df, religion with computed χ2=1.282 at 1
df, type of family with computed χ2=0.081 at 1 df, education with
computed χ2=0.664 at 1 df, occupation with computed χ2=0.149,
monthly family income with computed χ2=0.439 at P>0.05 level. The
present study also reveals that there is no association between selected
demographic variables like age, religion, type of family, education,
occupation, monthly family income, previous knowledge regarding listeriosis in
pregnancy in relation with post-test knowledge scores of antenatal mothers at
P>0.05 [10-12].
1. Armstrong RW, Fung PC (1993) Brainstem encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis)
due to Listeria monocytogenes: Case
report and review. Clin Infect Dis 16: 689-702.
2. Benshushan A, Tsafrir A, Arbel R, Rahav G (2002) Listeria infection
during pregnancy; a year experience. IMJA 4: 776-780.
3. Ryser ET, Elmer HM (1999) Listeria, listeriosis and food safety. Marcel
Dekker, New York. 2nd Edn (Eds.)
4. Dharmarha V (2009) A focus on Listeria monocytogenes. National
Agricultural Library, Food Safety Research Information Office.
5. Duarte G, Marcolin AC, Quintana SM, Cavalli RC (2008) Urinary tract
infection in pregnancy. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 30: 93-100.
6. (2009) Listeriosis. Available at: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriosis
7. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Listeria.pdf
8. Klatt EC, Pavlova Z (1986) Epidemic neonatal listeriosis at autopsy. Hum
Pathol 17: 1278-1281.
9. Moharam AS (2007) Incidence of Listeria species in seafood products of
Mysore, India. J Food Saf 27: 362-372.
10. Kaasper S, Huhulescu S (2006) Epidemiology of listeriosis in Austria.
11. Vasilev V, Japheth R (2007) Central Laboratories of the Ministry of
Health, Jerusalem, Israel. Survey of laboratory-confirmed isolates of invasive
listeriosis in Israel, 1997-2007.
12. http://www.OTISpregnancy.org/pdf/listeriosis.pdf
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